Extraordinary concentrations of local endemism associated with arid-land springs

Introduction: While the biodiversity value of springs is recognised, it has not been systematically compiled. The aim current study to highlight extraordinary endemism associated with isolated habitat arid-land at three locations in two continents. Methods: eukaryote species aquatic and terrestrial habitats Ash Meadows USA, Byarri Australia Cuatro Ciénegas Mexico was assembled based on their geographic distribution. Results: currently-known semi-aquatic endemic number 27 Meadows, 31 34 Ciénegas. Terrestrial are represented by five 26 endemics scalded areas surrounding impregnated soda gypsum. persistence astonishing given that wetlands represent tiny islands (216 small over 40 km 2 case Byarri). Discussion: A key factor for radiation stability permanence evolutionary time-scales. Genetic evidence indicates presence both paleo-endemics, persisted spring as relics previous mesic climates; neo-endemics have dispersed from more environments subsequently radiated distinct forms. former evolved relatives greater than 106 ya latter less ya. concentration around among highest concentrations organisms specialised a particular substantiates paramount conservation significance desert springs.